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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of IE patients with stroke and without stroke (univariable analysis)

From: Characteristics associated with occurrence of stroke in patients with infective endocarditis – a retrospective cohort study

Variable

All patientsa

(N = 353)

No strokea

(N = 257)

IE and strokea

(N = 96)

p-valueb

Odds Ratioc

CI (95%)c

Age, years, (median, IQR)

69 [56–77]

69 [56; 77]

68 [59; 78]

0.989

1.00

0.99–1.02

Sex, male (n, %)

253 (71.7%)

179 (69.6%)

74 (77.1%)

0.168

1.47

0.85–2.53

Vascular risk factors

      

 Arterial hypertension

258 (73.1%)

188 (73.2%)

70 (72.9%)

0.965

0.99

0.58–1.68

 Dyslipidemia

157 (44.5%)

112 (43.6%)

45 (46.9%)

0.579

1.14

0.71–1.83

 Diabetes mellitus

99 (28.0%)

69 (26.8%)

30 (31.3%)

0.413

1.24

0.74–2.07

 Coronary artery disease

115 (32.6%)

86 (33.5%)

29 (30.2%)

0.562

0.86

0.52–1.43

 Atrial fibrillation

110 (31.2%)

84 (32.7%)

26 (27.1%)

0.312

0.77

0.46–1.29

Preexisting antithrombotic treatment

212 (60.1%)

159 (61.9%)

53 (55.2%)

0.256

0.76

0.47–1.22

Previous stroke

54 (15.3%)

40 (15.6%)

14 (14.6%)

0.820

0.93

0.48–1.79

Congenital heart disease

(e.g. bicuspid aortic valve)

28 (7.9%)

26 (10.1%)

2 (2.1%)

0.013

0.19

0.04–0.81

Prosthetic heart valve

135 (38.2%)

102 (39.7%)

33 (34.4%)

0.361

0.80

0.49–1.30

Intracardiac medical devices other than artificial heart valves (e.g. MitraClip, ICD, pacemaker)

74 (21.0%)

63 (24.5%)

11 (11.5%)

0.007

0.40

0.20–0.79

Previous heart disease other than congenital heart disease

111 (31.4%)

88 (34.2%)

23 (24.0%)

0.064

0.61

0.35–1.03

Pathogen isolated in blood culture

   

0.013

0.79

0.69–0.89

 Staphylococcus aureus

91 (25.8)

56 (21.8%)

35 (36.5%)

   

 Staphylococcus epidermidis

37 (10.5%)

31 (12.1%)

6 (6.3%)

   

 Enterococcus faecalis

37 (10.5%)

27 (10.5%)

10 (10.4%)

   

 Staphylococcus mitis/oralis

24 (6.8%)

19 (7.4%)

5 (5.2%)

   

 Atypical

118 (33.4%)

97 (37.7%)

21 (21.9%)

   

 No pathogen found

46 (13.0%)

27 (10.5%)

19 (19.8%)

   

Affected side of heart

      

 Left heart affected

307 (87.0%)

212 (82.5%)

95 (99.0%)

< 0.001

20.17

2.74-148.46

 Right heart affected

50 (14.2%)

49 (19.1%)

1 (1.0%)

< 0.001

0.05

0.01–0.33

Focus of infection identified

127 (36.0%)

94 (36.6%)

33 (34.4%)

0.618

0.88

0.54–1.45

 Dental focus of infection

29 (8.2%)

17 (6.6%)

12 (12.5%)

0.073

2.59

1.07–6.26

 Spondylodiscitis as focus of infection

25 (7.1%)

17 (6.6%)

8 (8.3%)

0.575

1.28

0.54–3.08

 Catheter associated focus of infection

18 (5.1%)

15 (5.8%)

3 (3.1%)

0.303

0.52

0.15–1.84

Other organ manifestations

      

 Spondylodiscitis

29 (8.2%)

21 (8.2%)

8 (8.3%)

0.961

1.02

0.44–2.39

 Metastatic abscess

41 (11.6%)

28 (10.9%)

13 (13.5%)

0.490

1.28

0.63–2.59

 Extracerebral arterial embolic events

78 (22.1%)

42 (16.3%)

36 (37.5%)

< 0.001

3.07

1.81–5.21

 Acute kidney failure requiring HD

76 (21.5%)

49 (19.1%)

27 (28.1%)

0.065*

1.66

0.97–2.86

 Acute liver failure

38 (10.8%)

19 (7.4%)

19 (19.8%)

< 0.001

3.09

1.56–6.14

  1. Notes: IE indicates infective endocarditis; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IVDA, intravenous drug abuse; HD, hemodialysis. aAbsolute frequencies (relative frequencies in %), median [25 and 75 percentiles]. bPearson χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for nominal variables, Mann-Whitney-U test for categorical and continuous variables. cUnadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Pearson χ2 or Fisher’s exact test for nominal variables and unadjusted logistic regression analysis for continuous variables
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Neurological Research and Practice

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